Results And you can Dialogue
Its lack of archaeological issue (e.g., ceramic or material things used in huge number on the hillfort) from inside the structure levels of the rampart makes traditional cousin relationship hopeless.
You ought to keep in mind, although not, one many years estimations obtained from charcoal (specifically away källwebbplats from very disconnected charcoal) tend to be older than the latest questioned historical relationship
The latest relationship show obtained try exhibited in Dining table step one. He could be spread over a considerable time span, and two groups of schedules is going to be renowned one of them.
The early dates are one put: 3383 ± 37, 3136 ± twenty-five, and you may 2927 ± 24 BP. The initial of them is inspired by an example associated with the root of the rampart for the hill part of the natural elevation (Czopek et al. Site Czopek, Trybala-Zawislak, Tokarczyk, Ocadryga-Tokarczyk, Burghardt, Adamik-Proksa and you will Rajpold 2017:Fig. 10) on what the latest rampart is actually oriented. Others a few are from the low embankment levels and are generally solitary, really small charcoal pieces which are often considered as a vacation put. They probably located the treatment for the coating occur to from inside the framework of your embankment.
The second set comprises of trials coming from the straight down levels of the southeastern and you can north ramparts and you will of doorways dos and you may step 3.
Of the contrasting the new products from the months before the hard-on of your fortifications and people from the build levels off the latest rampart and you can about burnt wood structures of gates, a good chronological model was created if in case several chronological phases equal to those two sequences (Profile 5).
This new chronological design reveals that the development of the monumental fortifications securing the settlement at Chotyniec might be dated so you’re able to 651–595 otherwise 531–409 BC (68.3% chances, Contour 5). Brand new the quantity of this type away from “archaization” is tough to determine regardless if, and it may differ very regarding circumstances to help you instance.
Including matchmaking is within a arrangement on chronology of one’s most important ritual and you can ceremonial function in the Chotyniec payment, brand new zolnik (Czopek and you will Krapiec Source Czopek and you can Krapiec 2020). Although it is not possible to prove that rampart pre-times the newest eldest zolnik opinions (or vice versa), they yes belong to one chronological opinions. The fresh fourteen C chronology doesn’t render a grounds for drawing findings regarding length of time it got to build this new fortifications. Considering the latest remodeled mediocre measurements of the original embankment (perimeter: 2000 yards, height: step three.5 m, depth toward the base: fifteen m), the volume from the conical-sectioned earthen framework is determined because 52,500 yards 3 . Regarding truth of one’s Very early Iron Age, for example a massive doing should have drawn decade doing. Whenever we range from the initial phase within the framework out-of an effective central dump with a good palisade, the period will get actually prolonged.
14 C matchmaking of rampart, losing most likely involving the last half of your own 7th and the first 1 / 2 of the newest sixth century BC, will not promote an accurate respond to as to what moment when new rampart are erected, which should be taken once the start of the hillfort’s working. In comparison to most other Scythian fortified agreements regarding the east European forest-steppe zone, we can not find one differences (Czopek Site Czopek ). These hillforts, eg Severynivka (Ignaczak ainsi que al. Site Ignaczak, Boltryk, Shelekhan, Lifantii and you can Oledzki 2016), Motronin (Besso), or Chotiva (Kravchenko Site Kravchenko 2017), was in fact oriented by the end of one’s 7th century. The earliest old hillfort is actually Nemirov, whose beginnings is going to be traced back around the original stage of your own Early Scythian several months, i.e. the termination of brand new eighth century BC (Smirnova et al. Site Smir). The point that Chotyniec takes up an equivalent chronological standing because hillforts away from correct-financial Ukraine allows the general completion your Chotyniec fortifications of great interest to us here vouch for an equivalent hereditary procedure (as to some time and function) behind all of the web sites of this kind.